Epidemiological profile and factors associated with cervicalvaginal infections in quilombola women submitted to preventive examination / Perfil epidemiológico e fatores associados às infecções cérvico-vaginais em mulheres quilombolas submetidas ao exame preventivo / Perfil epidemiológico y factores asociados a infecciones cérvico-vaginales en mujeres quilombolas sometidas a examen preventivo

Background and Objectives: reproductive tract infections are considered an important demand for women's health, due to their high prevalence in the population and the consequences they can cause, such as premature birth, infertility and cervical cancer. There are still women who do not undergo cytopathological examination, capable of preventing these infections, either due to lack of guidance or opportunity, such as quilombola women. This study aimed to identify factors associated with cervicovaginal infections in quilombola women from Feira de Santana, Bahia. Methods: a descriptive study, carried out in a transversal way and with a quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out from November 2019 to January 2020, with the application of an anamnesis form prepared by the team, with variables used in other studies, such as risk factors. Bivariate analysis was performed to obtain prevalence ratios (PR) between infections and the characteristics found. Results: a total of 82 women were studied, with an average age of 45.3 years. The main vaginal infections were caused by Gardnerella vaginalis (17.1%), Trichomonas vaginalis (8.5%), Cocci (8.5%), Candida spp. (6.2%) and Fusobacterium spp. (1.2%). In 88.2% of infected women, inflammation was present. Conclusion: the results obtained in this study showed a correlation between the inflammatory process in women and the presence of some infection. With regard to infections, there was a higher prevalence in women with low education, without a steady partner and who did not undergo regular preventive examination.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: as infecções do trato reprodutivo são consideradas uma demanda importante para a saúde da mulher, devido à sua alta prevalência na população e às consequências que podem causar, como parto prematuro, infertilidade e câncer do colo do útero. Ainda há mulheres que não realizam exame citopatológico, capaz de prevenir essas infecções, seja por falta de orientação ou oportunidade, como as mulheres quilombolas. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar fatores associados a infecções cervicovaginais em mulheres quilombolas de Feira de Santana, Bahia. Métodos: estudo descritivo, realizado de forma transversal e com abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de novembro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020, com a aplicação de uma ficha de anamnese elaborada pela equipe, com variáveis utilizadas em outros estudos, como fatores de risco. A análise bivariada foi realizada para obter razões de prevalência (RP) entre as infecções e as características encontradas. Resultados: foram estudadas 82 mulheres, com média de idade de 45,3 anos. As principais infecções vaginais foram causadas por Gardnerella vaginalis (17,1%), Trichomonas vaginalis (8,5%), Cocci (8,5%), Candida spp. (6,2%) e Fusobacterium spp. (1,2%). Em 88,2% das mulheres infectadas, a inflamação estava presente. Conclusão: os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram uma correlação entre o processo inflamatório em mulheres e a presença de alguma infecção. No que se refere às infecções, houve maior prevalência em mulheres com baixa escolaridade, sem companheiro fixo e que não realizavam exame preventivo regular.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: las infecciones del aparato reproductor son consideradas una demanda importante para la salud de la mujer, por su alta prevalencia en la población y las consecuencias que pueden ocasionar, como parto prematuro, infertilidad y cáncer de cuello uterino. Todavía hay mujeres que no se hacen un examen citopatológico, capaz de prevenir estas infecciones, ya sea por falta de orientación o de oportunidad, como las mujeres quilombolas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores asociados a las infecciones cervicovaginales en mujeres quilombolas de Feira de Santana, Bahia. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, realizado de forma transversal y con enfoque cuantitativo. La recolección de datos se realizó de noviembre de 2019 a enero de 2020, con la aplicación de un formulario de anamnesis elaborado por el equipo, con variables utilizadas en otros estudios, como los factores de riesgo. Se realizó análisis bivariado para obtener razones de prevalencia (RP) entre las infecciones y las características encontradas. Resultados: se estudiaron un total de 82 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 45,3 años. Las principales infecciones vaginales fueron causadas por Gardnerella vaginalis (17,1%), Trichomonas vaginalis (8,5%), Cocci (8,5%), Candida spp. (6,2%) y Fusobacterium spp. (1,2%). En el 88,2% de las mujeres infectadas hubo inflamación. Conclusión: los resultados obtenidos en este estudio mostraron una correlación entre el proceso inflamatorio en la mujer y la presencia de alguna infección. En cuanto a las infecciones, hubo mayor prevalencia en mujeres con baja escolaridad, sin pareja estable y que no realizaban examen preventivo periódico.(AU)

Análise comparativa dos resultados de exames colpocitológicos realizados em Governador Valadares-MG com aqueles realizados no país, região sudeste e Minas Gerais / Comparative analysis of the cervical cytopathological examination results carried out in Governador Valadares-MG with those conducted in the country, southeast region and Minas Gerais state

Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar resultados de exames colpocitológicos realizados em âmbito nacional, na região sudeste e em Minas Gerais com aqueles obtidos no município de Governador Valadares (GV). Métodos: As informações sobre exames colpocitológicos, realizados nas quatro esferas, de janeiro/2006 a dezembro/2014, foram obtidas na consulta ao Sistema de Informação do Câncer do Colo do Útero ­ Siscolo. Resultados: A taxa de exames alterados foi de 2,8%, 3,3%, 2,2% e 2,7% [Brasil, Sudeste, Minas Gerais (MG) e GV, respectivamente]. Essa taxa foi significativamente mais alta em GV quando comparada com MG e significativamente mais baixa que a da região sudeste e do Brasil. As principais alterações, em todas as esferas, foram: atipias em células escamosas de significado indeterminado possivelmente não neoplásicas, lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau e lesão intraepitelial escamosa de alto grau. As taxas de incidência de câncer do colo do útero foram: 27,03; 28,02; 16,99 e 23,16 casos por 100 mil habitantes no país, região sudeste, MG e GV, respectivamente. Governador Valadares apresentou uma taxa significativamente mais alta apenas quando comparada com dados de Minas Gerais. Conclusão: Concluindo, os exames realizados em GV mostram algumas diferenças significativas em relação às outras esferas. É necessário implementar uma política de monitoramento interno da qualidade para aumentar a sensibilidade do exame, além de maior investimento na educação continuada do profissional que faz a leitura das lâminas.

Objective: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women and can be prevented by the early detection of precursor lesions by cytological techniques. The objective of this study was to compare the results of colpocytological exams performed at national, regional and state level with those obtained at Governador Valadares (GV). Methods: Information was obtained on colpocytological exams performed in the four spheres, from January / 2006 to December / 2014, from the Cervical Cancer Information System ­ Siscolo. Results: The rate of altered exams was 2.8%, 3.3%, 2.2% and 2.7% [Brazil, Southeast, Minas Gerais (MG) and GV, respectively]. This rate was significantly higher in GV when compared to MG and significantly lower than that in the Southeast and Brazil. The main injuries in all spheres were: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, possibly non-neoplastic, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The incidence rates of cervical cancer were: 27.03; 28.02; 16.99 and 23.16 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in the country, southeast region, MG and GV, respectively. GV showed a significantly higher rate only when compared with MG data. Conclusion: Concluding, the exams carried out in GV show some significant differences in relation to the other spheres. It is necessary to implement an internal quality monitoring policy to improve the quality of the exam, besides greater investment in the continuing education of the professional who does the scrutiny of the blades.

Regulation of estrous cycle by Cynodon dactylon in letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in Wistars albino rats / 대한해부학회지

Evaluation of the usefulness of a device for Human Papilloma Virus DNA collection and reservation in self-collected cervicovaginal samples stored dry in women with cervical dysplasia, Bogotá, Colombia / Evaluación de la utilidad de un dispositivo para toma y preservación del ADN del virus del papiloma humano de muestras cérvico-vaginales autorrecolectadas y almacenadas en seco en mujeres con displasia cervical, Bogotá, Colombia

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of a device for collecting and preserving human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in self-collected vaginal samples stored dry during 14 days. Materials and methods: Diagnostic concordance pilot study that included non-pregnant women over 25 years of age with a biopsy-confirmed result of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 or more, coming to two referral centres in Bogotá, Colombia. Women with a history of total hysterectomy were excluded. Convenience sampling was used. The device uses real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for DNA detection. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were measured, as well as the results of the test when the sample was collected by the patient and when it was collected by the physician, and the amount of DNA in the samples taken and processed on day 1, and in those processed on day 14, using Ct thresholds. Descriptive statistics were applied. Overall concordance was estimated by means of the kappa coefficient and mean differences in DNA amount. Materials and methods: Diagnostic concordance pilot study that included non-pregnant women over 25 years of age with a biopsy-confirmed result of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 or more, coming to two referral centres in Bogotá, Colombia. Women with a history of total hysterectomy were excluded. Convenience sampling was used. The device uses real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for DNA detection. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were measured, as well as the results of the test when the sample was collected by the patient and when it was collected by the physician, and the amount of DNA in the samples taken and processed on day 1, and in those processed on day 14, using Ct thresholds. Descriptive statistics were applied. Overall concordance was estimated by means of the kappa coefficient and mean differences in DNA amount. Results: A kappa coefficient of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.71-0.96) was found for concordance in high-risk HPV detection between the self-collected cervicovaginal sample and the sample taken by the clinician. There were no differences in terms of the amount of viral DNA between day 1 and day 14 (DM -0.34 cycles; 95% CI: - 2.29 to 1.61). Conclusion: Self-collected vaginal samples using the storage device are reliable for high-risk HPV detection in patients with cervical dysplasia, and preserve viral DNA for 14 days if stored dry at room temperature. Confirmation studies in the general population are required.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de un dispositivo para toma y preservación del DNA del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) de muestras vaginales recolectadas por autotoma y almacenadas en seco durante 14 días. Materiales y métodos: Estudio piloto de concordancia diagnóstica. Se incluyeron mujeres mayores de 24 años no gestantes con un resultado de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) grado 1 o más, confirmado por biopsia en dos instituciones de referencia en Bogotá, Colombia. Se excluyeron mujeres con antecedente de histerectomía total. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia. El dispositivo utiliza PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) en tiempo real para detección del ADN. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, así como el resultado de la prueba por autotoma y tomada por el médico, y la cantidad de ADN de las muestras tomadas el día 1 procesadas ese día, y el día 14, por medio del Ct umbral. Se realizó estadística descriptiva. Se calculó la concordancia global por medio del índice de kappa ponderado y la diferencia de medias de la cantidad de ADN. Resultados: La concordancia en la detección de VPH de alto riesgo mostró un kappa = 0,84 (IC 95 %: 0,71-0,96) entre la muestra cervicovaginal recolectada por autotoma frente a la muestra cervical recolectada por el médico. No hubo diferencias en la cantidad de ADN viral entre el día 1 y el 14 (DM -0,34 ciclos; IC 95 %: -2,29 a 1,61). Conclusión: Las muestras vaginales recolectadas por autotoma usando el dispositivo de almacenamiento son confiables para la detección de VPH de alto riesgo en pacientes con displasia cervical, y preservan el ADN viral por 14 días si se almacenan en seco a temperatura ambiente. Se requieren estudios en población general para poder confirmar.

Experimental validation of a rapid staining method and digital cytology for cervical and anal cancer / Validação experimental de um método de coloração rápida e citologia digital para cancro ginecológico e anal

ABSTRACT Cytology is used as detection and screening method of malignant and pre-malignant lesions showing their potential since the original works of Papanicolaou. The cytological smears are usually stained with the Pap staining, although this method is time consuming and requires different reagents. The aim of this study is to assess the quality of an original Blue staining in exfoliative smears comparing it with the standard Papanicolaou staining. The new Blue staining allows staining gynecological cytology with high quality standards at reduced cost and time when compared to the Papanicolaou method.

RESUMO A citologia é utilizada como método de detecção e rastreio de lesões malignas e pré-malignas e mostra seu potencial desde os trabalhos originais de Papanicolaou. Geralmente, os esfregaços citológicos são corados com a coloração de Papanicolaou, apesar desse método exigir muito tempo e vários reagentes. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a qualidade de uma coloração original Blue Stain em esfregaços esfoliativos comparando-a com a coloração standard de Papanicolaou. O novo método de coloração Blue Stain permite corar citologias ginecológicas com elevados padrões de qualidade a um custo e tempo reduzidos quando comparado com o método de Papanicolaou.

Dificuldades enfrentadas pelas mulheres para realizar o exame papanicolau: revisão integrativa / Difficulties faced by women to perform the pap smear examination: integrative review

Objetivo: buscar as evidencias cientificas das principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelas mulheres, para realizar o exame Papanicolau. Método: Revisão integrativa, realizada nos meses de abril e maio de 2017 nas bases de dados on-line Scielo e LILACS no período de 2006 a 2016. Para a pesquisa, utilizou-se o cruzamento do descritor “esfregaço vaginal” com a palavra-chave “câncer”,utilizando o boleando “and” entre as palavras. Foram encontrados 573 artigos, 51 do Scielo e 523 do Lilacs, sendo selecionados 25 e excluídos 549, com a associação dos descritores. Resultados: Percebeu-se que muitas mulheres ainda são resistentes em realizar esse tipo de exame por conceitos e valores culturais que foram absorvidos por toda a vida. Conclusão: Portanto, a partir do conhecimento desses fatores de dificuldade na realização do exame preventivo, considera-se essencial para as mulheres a adoção de uma nova postura para prevenção de doenças.

Objective: to search the scientific evidences of the main difficulties faced by women, to perform the Papanicolau exam. Method: Integrative review, carried out in the months of April and May 2017 in the online databases Scielo and LILACS from 2006 to2016. For the research, the cross-reference of the descriptor "vaginal smear" key "cancer", using the "and" between the words. Wefound 573 articles, 51 of Scielo and 523 of Lilacs, being selected 25 and excluded 549, with the association of the descriptors. Results: It was noticed that many women are still resistant to this type of examination by cultural concepts and values that have been absorbedthroughout life. Conclusion: Therefore, considering the knowledge of these factors of difficulty in performing the preventive examination,it is considered essential for women to adopt a new posture for disease prevention.

Objetivo: Buscar las evidencias científicas de las principales dificultades enfrentadas por las mujeres, para realizar el examen Papanicolau. Método: Revisión integrativa, realizada en los meses de abril y mayo de 2017 en las bases de datos en línea Scielo y LILACSen el período de 2006 a 2016. Para la investigación, se utilizó el cruce del descriptor "frotis vaginal" con la palabra- clave "cáncer",utilizando el boleando "and" entre las palabras. Se encontraron 573 artículos, 51 del Scielo y 523 del Lilacs, siendo seleccionados 25y excluidos 549, con la asociación de los descriptores. Resultados: Se percibió que muchas mujeres todavía son resistentes en realizarese tipo de examen por conceptos y valores culturales que fueron absorbidos por toda la vida. Conclusión: Por lo tanto, a partir del conocimiento de estos factores de dificultad en la realización del examen preventivo, se considera esencial para las mujeres la adopción de una nueva postura para la prevención de enfermedades.

Avaliação das taxas de adequabilidade dos laudos citopatológicos de mulheres atendidas pelo SUS no município de Anápolis-GO / Evaluation of suitability rates of the women's cytopathology reports attended by the SUS on the Anapolis-GO

O exame citopatológico é o método mais difundido mundialmente para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero e suas lesões precursoras, sua vulnerabilidade aos erros de coleta e de preparação da lâmina. A subjetividade na interpretação dos resultados pode comprometer sua sensibilidade e especificidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as taxas de adequabilidade dos laudos citopatológicos de cérvice uterina em exames realizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na cidade de Anápolis-GO em dois anos, bem como especificar os principais fatores obscurecedores de amostra. A amostra foi composta pelo levantamento de laudos citopatológicos de cérvice uterina em pacientes atendidas pelo SUS no município de Anápolis-GO nos anos de 2012 e 2013 nas bases de dados do Data-SUS e do Programa Siscolo. A taxa de laudos insatisfatórios foi de 3,4/1000 laudos (IC 95% 2,4 - 4,6) e 4,9/1000 laudos (IC 95% 3,9 - 6,1) para os anos de 2012 e 2013, respectivamente. A taxa geral do estudo para laudos insatisfatórios foi de 4,3/1000 laudos (IC 95% 3,5 - 5,1). O principal fator responsável pelos laudos insatisfatórios foi a presença de artefatos de dessecamento tanto na taxa geral, com 2,1/1000 laudos (IC 95% 1,7 ­ 2,8), quanto na estratificação anual, com 1,8/1000 laudos (IC 95% 1,2 ­ 2,7) em 2012 e 2,4/1000 laudos (IC 95% 1,7 ­ 3,3) em 2013. Estes achados indicam que as ações de educação continuada com os profissionais que realizam a coleta do exame preventivo são de fundamental importância, já que os fatores mais visualizados são passíveis de correção.(AU)

The cytopathological exam is the most used method around the globe in screening for cancer of the cervix and its precursor lesions. The vulnerability to collection errors, preparation of the glass and the subjectivity in the interpretation of the results can impact the sensibility and specificity of the exam. This article aims to avaliate the adequacy rates of cytopathological reports in uterine cervix by the Health Unic System (HUS) in Anapolis-GO in two years, as well as specify the main obscuring factors of the sample. The sample was taken by the cytopathological reports in uterine cervix treated by HUS in the city of Anapolis-GO between 2012 and 2013 on HUS database and Siscolo Program. The rate on unsatisfying reports was 3,4/1000 reports (IC 95% 2,4 ­ 4,6) and 4,9/1000 reports (IC 95% 3,9 ­ 6,1) between 2012 e 2013. The general rate on unsatisfying reports was 4,3/1000 reports (IC 95% 3,5 ­ 5,1). The main factor responsible for inadequate reports was the presence of artifacts from desiccation on the general rate at 2,1/1000 reports (IC 95% 1,7 ­ 2,8), as well on the annual stratification at 1,8/1000 reports (IC 95% 1,2 ­ 2,7) in 2012 and 2,4/1000 reports (IC 95% 1,7 ­ 3,3) in 2013. These findings reveal that continuing education activities with the professionals who perform the collection of the screening test are highly important, once that the findings are likely to correct.(AU)

The acceptability of vaginal smear self-collection for screening for cervical cancer: a systematic review

Cervical cancer is a major cause of death in adult women. However, many women do not undergo cervical cancer screening for the following reasons: fear, shame, physical limitations, cultural or religious considerations and lack of access to health care services. Self-collected vaginal smears maybe an alternative means of including more women in cervical cancer screening programs. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the acceptability of vaginal smear self-collection for cervical cancer screening. We selected articles from PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase that were published between January 1995 and April 2016. Studies written in English, French, Italian, Portuguese or Spanish that involved women between 18 and 69 years of age who had engaged in sexual intercourse were included in this review. The review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. Nineteen studies were ultimately evaluated in this review. Most of the included studies (n=17) demonstrated that the self-collection method exhibited outstanding acceptability among women with respect to cervical cancer screening, and only two studies indicated that self-collection exhibited low acceptability among women in this context. The acceptability of self-collection was determined subjectively (without standardized questionnaires) in 10 studies (53%) and via structured and validated questionnaires in the remaining studies. The results of our review suggest that the self-collection method is well-accepted and may therefore encourage greater participation in cervical cancer screening programs. However, additional studies are required to verify these results.

Seguimiento a mujeres con resultado citológico positivo en una Empresa Social del Estado. Medellín, Colombia. 2011- 2012 / Monitoring of women with positive cytological result in a state-owned company, Medellín, Colombia, 2011- 2012 / Acompanhamento a mulheres com resultado citológico positivo em uma empresa do estado. Medellín, Colômbia. 2011- 2012

Resumen En Colombia el cáncer cérvico-uterino (Cacu) es una de las principales causas de muerte. Anualmente se diagnostican 7.000 casos y se registran 3.300 muertes, el 50% por diagnóstico tardío y falta de acceso a tratamientos especializados. Objetivo: describir el seguimiento a mujeres con resultado citológico positivo en una ESE de Medellín, 2011-2012. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal en 277 mujeres con resultado citológico positivo para lesiones sugestivas de alto grado y/o alteraciones glandulares. Se empleó muestreo estratificado y sistemático. Se utilizaron fuentes de información primaria y secundaria. La sistematización de datos se realizó en el programa SPSS, y se calcularon medidas de frecuencia, tendencia central y dispersión. Se empleó análisis descriptivo uni-bivariado para variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con la atención recibida. Resultados: el 10,7% de mujeres con lesiones de alto grado o invasoras no culminaron el tratamiento. La oportunidad total del seguimiento fue del 52,3% y las fases con mayores tiempos de espera para la atención fueron las citas para diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión: A pesar de los esfuerzos para mejorar la cobertura del cribado y búsqueda activa de pacientes con citología positiva evidenciada en el estudio aún se presentan obstáculos en la atención de pacientes para un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno, lo que lleva en varios casos al avance de la enfermedad e incluso la muerte.

Abstract In Colombia, the Cervical Cancer (CC) is one of leading causes of cancer death in women. Annually 7,000 cases and 3,300 deaths are diagnosed; from which the 50% have been recorded died for late diagnosis and lack of access to specialized treatments. Objective:This study aims to monitor women who have had a positive cytological results in a state-owned company in Medellin from 2011 to 2012. Methodology:This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on 277 women who had positive cytological results for lesions suggestive of high grade and/or glandular disorders. This research used stratified systematic sampling, and primary and secondary information sources. SPSS was implemented to systematize data like frequency, central tendency, and dispersion measurements were calculated. A descriptive univariate-bivariate analysis was implemented for sociodemographic and clinical related variables, and those related to the healthcare subjects received. Results:10.7% of women with high grade or invasive lesions did not complete the treatment. The total monitoring opportunity was 52.3%, and the phases with the longest-waiting times were waiting for appointments for diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: Despite efforts to improve screening coverage and to actively seek patients with a positive cytology evidenced in the study, there are still obstacles that impede patients' prompt diagnosis and treatment, and this is something that in various cases leads to the progression of the disease and even death.

Resumo Na Colômbia, o câncer cérvico-uterino (Cacu) é uma das principais causas de morte. Na atualidade, diagnosticam-se 7.000 casos e registram-se 3.300 mortes. 50% das mortes acontece por diagnóstico tardio e falta de aceso a tratamentos especializados. Objetivo: descrever o acompanhamento a mulheres com resultado citológico positivo em uma Empresa Social do Estado (ESSE) de Medellín, 2011-2012. Metodologia: estudo descritivo transversal em 277 mulheres com resultado citológico positivo para lesões sugestivas de alto grau e/ou alterações glandulares. Utilizou-se amostragem estratificada e sistemática. Consultaram-se fontes de informação primárias e secundárias. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS para sistematizar os dados, e calcularam-se medidas de frequência, tendência central e dispersão. Fez-se análise descritiva uni-bivariada para variáveis sócio-demográficas, clínicas e relacionadas com o atendimento recebido. Resultados: 10,7% das mulheres com lesões de alto grau ou invasoras terminaram o tratamento. A oportunidade total do acompanhamento foi de 52,3% e as fases com tempos de espera mais prolongados para o atendimento foram as consultas diagnósticas e o tratamento. Conclusão: apesar dos esforços para aumentar a percentagem de detecção e para buscar ativamente pacientes com citologia positiva evidenciada, no estudo se evidenciam obstáculos no atendimento de pacientes para seu diagnóstico e tratamento oportunos, ocasionando o avanço da doença e até a morte em vários casos.

Perfil epidemiológico de mulheres com HPV atendidas em uma unidade básica de saúde / Epidemiological profile of women with HPV treated in a basic health unit / Perfil epidemiológico de las mujeres con VPH assistido en una unidad básica de salud

Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of women with HPV who treated in a Basic Health Unit. Method: A survey of quantitative trait was performed in a district in the municipality of Santa Cruz/RN through the individual records of 205 users of the Unit. Results: The epidemiological profile was characterized by women with age between 19-30 years; married; white; schooling until the incomplete high school; income up to a wage minimum; first intercourse among 15-17 years; with a partner. Conclusion: The same are in the risk group for the involvement of HPV because they present themselves as young, married, low education and income, and sexual initiation before age 18 years.

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de mulheres com HPV atendidas em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. Método: A pesquisa de caráter quantitativo foi realizada em um bairro no município de Santa Cruz/RN, por meio das fichas individuais de 205 usuárias da Unidade. Resultados: O perfil epidemiológico foi caracterizado por mulheres com idade entre 19-30 anos, casadas, brancas, com ensino médio incompleto,renda de até um salário mínimo, primeira relação sexual entre 15-17 anos e um parceiro. Conclusão: As mulheres se encontram no grupo de risco para o acometimento do HPV, pois se apresentam como jovens, casadas, de baixa escolaridade e renda familiar e iniciaram a vida sexual antes dos18 anos.

Objetivo: Describir el perfil epidemiológico de las mujeres con el VPH que asistió a un método básico de salud. Método: Un estudio de carácter cuantitativo se llevó a cabo en un distrito en el municipio de Santa Cruz/RN a través de los registros individuales de 205 usuarios de la Unidad. Resultados: El perfil epidemiológico se caracterizó por las mujeres con edad entre 19 a 30 años; casadas; blancas; escolarización hasta la escuela secundaria incompleta; los ingresos de hasta un salario mínimo; la primera relación sexual entre los 15 a 17 años; con una pareja. Conclusión: La misma se encuentran en el grupo de riesgo para la participación de VPH, ya que se presentan como joven, casado, el bajo nivel educativo y de ingresos, y la iniciación sexual antes de los 18 años.

Observation of the estrous cycle in female NOD/SCID mice / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To observe the changes in estrous cycle and vaginal smears in ovarectomized NOD/SCID mice.Methods To continuously observe the estrous cycle time by vaginal smears of NOD/SCID mice in consecutive nine days, twice daily.After ovariectomy, the changes of estrous cycle were observed by vaginal smears for 7 days.Results The estrous cycle in NOD/SCID mice was 4-6 days.Regular estrous mice accounted for 80%.There was no significant correlation between vaginal opening and estrous cycle status.After ovariectomy, the vaginal smears showed characteristics of metestrus or diestrus.Conclusions Vaginal smear cytology can be used to determine the estrous cycle and characteris-tics of NOD/SCID female mice.The ovariectomized operation of NOD/SCID female mice is effective.

Observation of estrous cycle in sexual maturation and ovariectomized fe-male ICR mice / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To observe the characteristics of estrous cycle of female ICR mice and ovariectomized mice that had reached sexual maturity stage .METHODS:ICR mice were randomly divided into 3 groups, normal group, sham operation group and ovariectomized group .After ovariectomy and sham operating , at the 8th day, the mice were taken vagi-nal smears twice daily (09:00 and 16:00) for 12 consecutive days.The feature of vulva in the mice and vaginal smear cy-tology, occurrence rate of regular estrous cycle , duration of estrous cycle and each stage duration of estrous cycle were re -corded and observed .RESULTS:The characteristics of estrous cycle in normal group and sham operation group were simi-lar.Nearly 85%of the ICR mice in sexual maturity stage showed regular estrous cycle .The majority manifested 6-day cy-cle (83%), and only a small number exhibited 5-day cycle (17%).Compared with 5-day group, the duration of oestrus was significantly increased in 6-day group (P<0.05).The number and kind of the cells in vaginal smear were a little dif-ferent between 5-day and 6-day groups.The ovariectomized mice which showed irregular estrous cycle (76%) were charac-terized by continuous diestrus .CONCLUSION:Female ICR mice have the strain characteristics of estrus cycle .

Conhecimento e prática das mulheres atendidas na unidade de saúde da família sobre o Papanicolaou / Knowledge and practice on Pap smear tests by women assisted at family health units / Conocimiento y práctica de las mujeres atendidas en la unidad de salud de la familia sobre el Papanicolaou

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o conhecimento e a prática sobre o Papanicolaou das mulheres entre 25 a59 anos atendidas pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal. Foram entrevistadas, em seus domicílios, 47 mulheres, a partir da aplicação de formulário entre os meses de agosto a setembro de 2012, residentes na área de abrangência da Unidade de Saúde da Família Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Senhor do Bonfim-BA. Os dados foram analisados através da aplicação da estatística descritiva. Os resultados demonstram que ainda existem mulheres que não realizam o Papanicolaou regularmente e, principalmente, desconhecem a finalidade do procedimento. Conclui-se que as mulheres necessitam de esclarecimento sobre o exame e seu objetivo, sendo necessária a estruturação de atividades educativas permanentes nas unidades de saúde que sensibilizem as usuárias sobre a importância da realização regular do Papanicolaou.

This study aims at describing the knowledge and practice on the Pap smear tests by women between 25 and 59years assisted at the Family Health Strategy. This is a cross-sectional study. Forty-seven (47) women residing within the area serviced by the Health Unit Family Our Lady of Fatima, Our Lord of Bonfim, Bahia, Brazil were interviewed at home on the basis of application of forms, from August to September, 2012. Data were analyzed on the basis of descriptive statistics. Results show that there are still women who do not receive regular Pap and are mostly unaware of the purpose of the procedure. Conclusions show that women need clarification about the exam and its goal, requiring permanent structure of educational activities in health facilities to sensitize women about the importance of regular Pap smears.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el conocimiento y la práctica sobre el Papanicolaou de mujeres 25 y 59 años atendidas por la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia. Se trata de un estudio transversal. Fueron entrevistadas en su casas 47 mujeres, desde un formulario, entre los meses de agosto a septiembre de 2012, residentes en el área de influencia de la Unidad de Salud Familiar Nuestra Señora de Fátima, Nuestra Señor de Bonfim, Bahia – Brasil. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la aplicación de estadística descriptiva. Los resultados muestran que todavía hay mujeres que no hacen Papanicolaou regular y sobre todo desconocen de la finalidad del procedimiento. Se concluye que las mujeres necesitan de aclaraciones sobre el examen y su finalidad, que requieren actividades educativas permanentes en los establecimientos de salud para sensibilizar a las mujeres acerca de la importancia de las pruebas regulares de Papanicolaou.

Prevalencia de resultado positivo de la citología para vaginosis bacteriana, candidiasis y tricomoniasis en una Empresa Social del Estado de Medellín (Colombia), 2010-2012 / Prevalence of positive cytology results for bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis in a Social State Institution in Medellín, Colombia, 2010-2012

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del resultado positivo de la citología para vaginosis bacteriana, candidiasis y tricomoniasis vaginal, y su distribución según edad, método de planificación y sector de residencia.Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal en especímenes citológicos obtenidos de mujeres atendidas entre los años 2010-2012 en Metrosalud, red de instituciones de la que hacen parte cincuenta centros de salud y unidades hospitalarias de primer nivel en Medellín (Colombia). Se incluyó toda la población de mujeres del régimen subsidiado atendida en la institución, se excluyeron las citologías con muestras insatisfactorias por ausencia de células, exceso de eritrocitos o leucocitos, y extendido defectuoso. Se usó fuente de información secundaria. Los datos se almacenaron y analizaron en SPSS 21®, con medidas de resumen y frecuencias absolutas y relativas.Resultados: se incluyeron 206.035 registros. La prevalencia de vaginosis bacteriana fue 18 %, candidiasis 4,7 % y tricomoniasis 0,8 %. Los subgrupos con mayor prevalencia de infecciones fueron los adolescentes, con 22,8 % de vaginosis bacteriana, 9,2 % de candidiasis y 1,0 % para tricomoniasis; y quienes usan el dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) con 25,6, 5,1 y 1,2 % respectivamente.Conclusión: se halló una elevada prevalencia de las infecciones estudiadas, principalmente en adolescentes y usuarias del DIU; esta información resulta útil para los tomadores de decisiones en salud y para evaluar la pertinencia de estructurar programas de tamización de infecciones del tracto genital aunados a la tamización del cáncer cérvico-uterino.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of positive cytology results for bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and vaginal trichomoniasis, and distribution by age, birth control method and place of residence. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study of cytology samples from women seen between 2010 and 2012 at Metrosalud, a network of institutions comprising 50 healthcare centres and level I hospitals in Medellín, Colombia. All the female population under the subsidized insurance regime was included, and inadequate samples due to absence of cells, excess red or white blood cells, and defective smear were excluded. A secondary source of information was used. Data were stored and analysed using the SPSS 21®, with summary measurements and absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Overall, 206,035 records were included. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 18 %, and the prevalence of candidiasis and trichomoniasis was 4.7 % and 0.8 %, respectively. The subgroups with the highest prevalence of infections were adolescents with 22.8 % bacterial vaginosis, 9.2 % candidiasis and 1.0 % trichomoniasis. Among women using the intrauterine device (IUD), the prevalence was 25.6 %, 5.1 % and 1.2 %, respectively.Conclusion: A high prevalence of the infections studied was found, mainly among adolescents and IUD users. This information is useful for healthcare decision-making and for evaluating the relevance of structuring screening programs for genitourinary tract infections together with screening for cervical and uterine cancer.

Câncer de colo uterino: realização do exame colpocitológico e mecanismos que ampliam sua adesão / El cáncer de cuello uterino: la realización de la citología vaginal y los mecanismos para aumentar su adhesión / Uterine cervical neoplasms: pap smear screening and mechanisms that increase adherence

Pesquisa estatística descritiva com o objetivo de identificar o perfil e os mecanismos que ampliam a adesão das mulheres na realização do exame colpocitológico no Sistema Único de Saúde. Os sujeitos foram 264 mulheres residentes no município de Rio do Sul, SC, que realizaram o exame colpocitológico em 2007. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre junho e julho de 2008, através de entrevista a partir de um roteiro estruturado contendo perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os dados da pesquisa foram analisados com base em métodos estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram os fatores de risco presentes para o desenvolvimento do câncer de colo uterino. Conclui-se que houve um bom entendimento das mulheres entrevistadas sobre o tema e que a realização do exame colpocitológico possui intuito preventivo. Há necessidade de os profissionais de saúde individualizarem a assistência prestada.

The aim of this descriptive statistical study was to identify patient profiles and mechanisms that increase women’s adherence to Pap smear screening in Brazil’s national health system. The subjects were 264 women resident in Rio do Sul, Santa Catarina State, who had Pap smear tests in 2007. Data was collected between June and July 2008 through structured interviews using a script of open and closed questions. Research data were analyzed statistically. Results show the risk factors present for development of uterine cervical neoplasms. We conclude that the women interviewed understood the issue well and that their intention in having the test was preventive. There is a need for health care professionals to individualize the care they give.

Investigación estadística de carácter descriptivo con el objetivo de identificar el perfil y los mecanismos que aumentan la adhesión de las mujeres para la realización de la citología vaginal en el Sistema Único de Salud. Los sujetos fueron 264 mujeres que viven en el municipio de Rio do Sul, SC, Brasil, que realizaron la prueba de Papanicolaou en 2007. La recopilación de los datos se produjo entre junio y julio de 2008, a través de entrevistas estructuradas con preguntas abiertas y cerradas. Los datos se analizaron con base en métodos estadísticos. Los resultados mostraron los factores de riesgo presentes para el desarrollo del cáncer de cuello uterino. Se concluye que las mujeres entrevistadas comprendieron el tema y que la realización de la citología vaginal tiene un propósito preventivo. Es necesario que los profesionales de la salud individualicen la atención prestada.

Cobertura do teste de Papanicolaou e fatores associados à não-realização: um olhar sobre o Programa de Prevenção do Câncer do Colo do Útero em Pernambuco, Brasil / Pap smear coverage and factors associated with non-participation in cervical cancer screening: an analysis of the Cervical Cancer Prevention Program in Pernambuco State, Brazil

Buscou-se avaliar a cobertura do teste Papanicolaou no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, nos três anos anteriores à pesquisa, entre mulheres de 18-69 anos, e identificar fatores associados à sua não-realização. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional, utilizando-se dados de inquérito realizado no período 2005-2006 com 640 indivíduos, selecionados por amostragem por conglomerados em três estágios de seleção. Foram analisadas informações sobre 258 mulheres. A cobertura do Papanicolaou entre mulheres de 18-69 anos foi de 58,7 por cento e de 25-59 anos de 66,2 por cento. Viver sem companheiro, não ter dado à luz e não ter realizado consulta médica no último ano mostraram associação com a não-realização do teste. Na análise multivariada, o baixo grau de escolaridade mostrou também efeito significativo. A cobertura do Papani-colaou em Pernambuco foi satisfatória, porém insuficiente para impactar no perfil epidemiológico do câncer do colo uterino. É preciso fortalecer e qualificar as ações de promoção da saúde, visando reduzir as desigualdades e estimular o protagonismo das mulheres nas ações de prevenção do câncer do colo uterino.

This research aimed to assess coverage of Pap smear screening in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, during the three years prior to the study, among women 18 to 69 years of age, and to identify factors associated with women's lack of participation in screening. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study, using data from a survey in 2005-2006 with 640 women, selected by three-stage cluster sampling. Information on 258 women was analyzed. Pap smear coverage was 58.7 percent for women 18 to 69 years of age and 66.2 percent for those 25 to 59. Single marital status, no history of childbirth, and not having consulted a physician in the previous year were associated with lack of Pap smear screening. In the multivariate analysis, low schooling also showed a significant effect. Pap smear coverage in Pernambuco was satisfactory, but insufficient to impact the epidemiological profile of cervical cancer. It is necessary to strengthen and upgrade health promotion activities in order to reduce the inequalities and encourage women's active participation in cervical cancer prevention.

Prevalencia de la toma de citología vaginal en estudiantes de una universidad pública de Colombia / Prevalence of Pap smear take in students of a Colombian public university

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de la toma de citología vaginal en las estudiantes de los seis primeros semestres de los programas profesionales de la Facultad de Salud de una universidad pública en Cali (Colombia) durante 2007. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con estudiantes de los seis primeros semestres de programas en la Facultad de Salud de una universidad pública en Cali a través de una encuesta en la que se determinó la toma de citología vaginal y comportamientos de salud sexual y reproductiva. Resultados: Participaron 180 estudiantes con un promedio de edad de 19,9±2,5 años. 41,7% de las encuestadas se habían realizado citología vaginal; de éstas, el 23,3% se la realizaban cada año. El 84% de las participantes habían reclamado el resultado. El 35,3% habían tenido un compañero sexual, y la edad promedio de inicio de relaciones sexuales fue 16,8±1,5 años. El principal argumento para no realizársela fue la condición de virginidad (40%). Se encontró asociación estadística entre la toma de citología vaginal con edad (p=0,002), el estar casada (p=0,002), el número de relaciones sexuales en el último mes (p<0.0001), el uso de métodos de planificación hormonal (p<0,0001) o el no uso de dichos métodos (p<0,0001). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de toma de citología vaginal en las estudiantes de los seis primeros semestres de los programas académicos de salud de una universidad pública en Cali es menor que la descrita en la población general según la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud 2005...

Objetive: Determine the prevalence of taking Pap Smear in the students of the first six semesters of the professional programs of the faculty of Health of a public University of Cali en 2007. Materials and methods: It was carried out a cross sectional study with students of professional programs in the faculty of health of a public university in Cali, Colombia through an inquiry that included information about achieve Pap smear and sexuality behaviors. Results: 180 students participated and the age average was 19,9±2,5 años. 41,7% of students carried out Pap smear; 23,3% each year. 84% of students claimed the result. 35,5% have have one sexual partner and age average for initial intercourse was 16,8±1,5 years. The main reason for not take Pap smear was virginity(40%). There are statistic association between take Pap smear with age (p=0,002), married status (p=0,002), number of sexual intercourses in last month (p<0,0001), use of hormonal anticonceptives (p<0,0001) or not use of anticonceptive (p<0,0001) Conclusion: The prevalence of realization of Pap smear in student of six semesters of professional programs of faculty of Health in public university of Cali, Colombia is less than prevalence of general population described by Demography and Health National Survey 2005...

Clinical Findings and Therapy of Ureteral Duplication in 61 Children

Osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the liver is an extremely rare malignancy with poor prognosis. To our knowledge, 5 cases have been reported in English literatures, but there was no report about fine needle aspiration cytologic(FNAC) features. We experienced a case of osteoclast-like giant cell tumor of the liver obtained by computed tomography(CT)-guided FNAC and needle biopsy. The cytologic findings mimicked giant cell tumor of the bone. A large hepatic mass of the left lobe with abdominal wall invasion was found by CT in a 46- year-old female complaining of epigastric pain. The FNAC showed moderately cellular smears consisting of osteoclast-like giant cells and mononuclear cells, which were individually scattered or intermingled in clusters. The osteoclast-like giant cells had abundant cytoplasms and multiple small round nuclei with fine chromatin and distinct nucleoli. The mononuclear cells had moderate amount of cytoplasm and relatively bland-looking oval nuclei with single small nucleoli. All of the cytologic features recapitulated the histologic findings of bland-looking osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells evenly dispersed throughout the background of mononuclear cell. The immunohistochemical study showed positive reaction for CD68 and vimentin, but negative for cytokeratin in both osteoclast-like giant cells and mononuclear cells.

Four Cases of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

Endometrial papillary serous carcinoma (EPSC) is a distinct variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma that histologically resembles ovarian serous papillary adenocarcinoma and has an aggressive clinical course. Usually, the tumor is diagnosed at the advanced stage. The tumor has well confused with metastatic ovarian tumor of identical histology. Dignosis of EPSC should be considered when the cervico-vaginal smear reveals numerous papillary clusters of tumor cells with macronucleoli and psammoma bodies. Recently, we have experienced two cases of EPSC diagnosed on cervico-vaginal smears, which revealed characteristic cytologic features including numerous papillary clusters of tumor cells with macronucleoli. The cytologic diagnoses were confirmed on histologic sections.

Cytologic Features of Malignant Lymphoma of the Uterine Cervix: A case report / 대한세포병리학회지

The uterine cervix is an uncommon site of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Although the cytologic findings of NHLs are well known, most cervicovaginal smear of uterine NHLs give lower diagnostic yield than common epithelial malignancy because abnormal cells do not appear in the sample in the absence of surface ulceration. Herein, we describe cytologic findings of a case of uterine cervical NHL which was initially diagnosed by cervicovaginal smear. The tumor cells were relatively uniform, isolated, large-sized with scanty cytoplasm and round or indented nuclei. The nuclei had stippled chromatin and small nucleoli. Histologically and immunohistochemically the tumor was proven to be large cell lymphoma of T-cell lineage.